A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted due to the presence of a blood clot (ischemic stroke) or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells (hemorrhagic stroke). Brain cells die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or when they are damaged by sudden bleeding into or around the brain. This results in temporary or permanent neurologic impairment. Ischemic stroke, also known as cerebral infarction, accounts for 80 to 85 percent of all strokes, while hemorrhagic stroke accounts for the other 15 to 20 percent. Prior to a stroke, some people suffer transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), which are mini-strokes that generally last only 5 to 20 minutes but can linger for up to 24 hours before the symptoms go away completely. Many times, a TIA is a warning of an impending stroke. An estimated 550,000 people in the United States suffer a stroke each year, making this one of the most serious of all health problems. Half of stroke sufferers are left disabled, with many undergoing years of rehabilitation.

Symptoms of a stroke depend on which area of the brain is affected and, in turn, what functions in the body that area controls. Many of the warning signs of a possible stroke (like a TIA) and symptoms of an actual stroke are the same. If any of these symptoms occur, therefore, medical attention should be sought right away and appropriate treatment started as quickly as possible. The faster that treatment is started, the more likely it is that brain function will be preserved.

Symptoms and warning signs include:

• Sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, and leg on one side of the body.
• Sudden loss of vision or dimmed vision, particularly in one eye.
• Loss of speech, or trouble talking or understanding speech.
• Sudden, severe headaches with no apparent cause.
• Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden falls, especially if accompanied by any of the previous symptoms.

Ischemic stroke results from the following causes.

• A clot (embolus) forms in a part of the body other than the brain, travels through blood vessels, and becomes wedged in a brain artery.
• A blood clot (thrombus) forms in a brain artery and stays attached to the artery wall until it grows large enough to block blood flow

Hemorrhagic stroke results from the following causes.

• A bleeding aneurysm—a weak or thin spot on an artery wall that, over time, has stretched or ballooned out under pressure from blood flow. The wall ruptures and blood spills into the space surrounding brain cells.
• Artery walls lose their elasticity and become brittle and thin, prone to cracking.
• Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)—a tangle of defective blood vessels and capillaries within the brain that have thin walls that can rupture.

Free radical damage may make someone susceptible to stroke and other brain disorders. Free radicals are waste products created when the body turns food into energy (metabolism). Even though they are created naturally by normal metabolic processes (called oxidation), free radicals cause harmful chemical reactions that can damage cells in the body. There are also many environmental sources of free radicals like ultraviolet rays, radiation, and toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, car exhaust, and pesticides. Two ways to help protect yourself include: (1) avoiding extra exposure to oxidative stress and its subsequent free radicals by staying away from environmental sources; and (2) taking antioxidants (see Nutrition and Dietary Supplements.)

Anybody can have a stroke, but certain factors place you at higher risk. Some factors that increase the risk of stroke cannot be changed, while others are linked to lifestyle and are, therefore, under your control.

Risk factors that cannot be changed:

• Age -- The older a person gets, the greater the risk of stroke.
• Sex -- Men are more likely to have a stroke than women. But after menopause, a woman's risk of stroke rises significantly.
• Family history - Having a parent, grandparent, or sibling who has had a stroke, puts you at greater risk yourself.
• Race -- African Americans have a greater risk of stroke than Caucasians. This is related to an increased risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes in African Americans.
• Heart attack - If you have had a heart attack in the past, you are more likely to have a stroke than someone who has not had a heart attack.
• A history of migraine headaches -- Recent studies indicate that people who experience migraines may be at higher risk for ischemic stroke.
• A prior stroke -- If you have had a stroke, you are at increased risk for another.
• Sickle cell anemia - people with this condition are at risk for stroke at a younger age.
• Berry aneurysms -- These are small, sac-like areas within the wall of an artery in the brain with which some people are born. They occur most often at the junctures of vessels at the base of the brain. Berry aneurysms may rupture without warning, causing bleeding within the brain.

Risk factors that can be changed with medical treatment:

• High blood pressure -- High blood pressure has no symptoms, so regular blood pressure checks are important. The condition can be easily and successfully controlled with medication.
• High blood cholesterol levels -- Studies have shown that lowering cholesterol levels by changing your lifestyle and taking medication can reduce the risk of stroke by as much as 30%. Keeping cholesterol low can reduce the risk of blood clots and plaque buildup within the walls of arteries in the brain.
• TIAs, or "mini-strokes" -- A surprising number of people ignore the symptoms of TIAs, which are warning signs that a stroke may be about to happen. In fact, 50% of people who have had a TIA suffer a stroke within one year. It is very important to seek medical attention for these symptoms because if you have had a TIA, there are definite steps you can take to help prevent a major stroke. Doctors prescribe blood thinners such as aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin®), or other drugs to prevent blood clots if you have had a TIA.
• Cardiovascular disease -- Certain disorders of the heart and/or blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis (plaque build up in artery walls) and atrial fibrillation (an abnormal heart rhythm), can produce blood clots that may break loose and travel to the brain. These conditions are also treated with blood thinners to reduce risk of stroke.
• Diabetes -- People with diabetes mellitus are more at risk. It is important to note that Type 2 diabetes (often called adult onset) is highly influenced by certain lifestyle factors, particularly diet and excess weight.
• Blood clotting disorders - people who form blood clots more easily, called hypercoagulable conditions, are at greater risk for stroke. Hypercoagulable states are also treated with blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin®) in order to try to prevent stroke and other complications.
• Sleep apnea - people with sleep apnea have three to six times the risk of stroke compared to people who do not have this disorder. This condition, defined as cessation of breathing many times throughout the night, is generally treatable by losing weight and/or using a special device called a CPAP machine.

Risk factors that can be changed by lifestyle modifications:

• Cigarette smoking -- Cigarette smoking has been linked to heart attacks, strokes, artery disease in the legs, and lung cancer. Nicotine raises blood pressure, carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry to the brain, and cigarette smoke makes the blood thicker and more likely to clot. It is never too late to give up smoking!
• Smoking and birth control pills -- Research has proven that smoking and taking birth control pills significantly increases a woman's risk for stroke. Together, they can cause blood clots to form. Women who take birth control pills should not smoke!
• Drinking large amounts of alcohol -- Frequent intoxication can make a person more likely to experience bleeding in the brain. Also, alcohol in large amounts can raise blood pressure.
• Obesity -- Being overweight increases your risk of having a stroke, along with other health problems.
• Lack of exercise --Moderate exercise can help keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels within normal ranges.
• Poor diet -- A diet high in fat can cause conditions within the body, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol, that contribute to a greater risk of stroke.
• Stress - Ongoing stress can raise blood pressure. Plus, not dealing well with stress can contribute to unhealthy habits such as smoking and overeating. Finding healthy ways to handle stress is important.

Other factors that may put you at increased risk for stroke include pregnancy, infection or inflammation, gum disease, and high homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is an amino acid that rises in the body if you have low levels of vitamins B6, B12, B9 (folic acid), and betaine.

If you or someone you know experiences symptoms associated with stroke, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. There are now effective therapies for stroke that must be administered at a hospital within the first three hours after stroke symptoms appear. At the hospital, a health care provider will make a diagnosis and guide you in determining which treatment or combination of therapies will work best for you. He or she will do a complete neurological exam and run a battery of tests, such as blood tests, an electrocardiogram, and a test to measure the severity of the stroke. Imaging techniques such as CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) may be used to reveal the cause of the stroke and pinpoint blockages or reveal malformations.

The best way to prevent stroke is to reduce your risk factors and take control of your own health:

• If you smoke, stop smoking -- many excellent smoking cessation programs are available today; your doctor can advise you about tools to use, such as the nicotine patch as well as exercise and other behavioral modifications.
• Keep your weight within normal limits.
• Get a moderate amount of exercise, preferably five days a week.
• Eat a healthy diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables. Green leafy vegetables may be particularly important as well as whole grains, nuts (especially walnuts), and fish.
• If you have heart disease or an abnormal heart rhythm, work with your doctor to treat it. Certain types of problems with the heart and blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation can cause blood clots to form. These clots can travel through the blood stream and block an artery in the brain, causing a stroke (or can block a blood vessel in the heart and cause a heart attack).
• If you have high blood pressure be sure to take your medication regularly.
• Lower your cholesterol level if it is elevated -- some people can do this by modifying diet; others need to take medication. Lowering cholesterol levels has been proven to reduce the risk of stroke.
• If you have diabetes, keep it under good control.
• Know the warning signs of TIAs and strokes, and get help right away if you experience them.

Medications for prevention

Certain medications have been shown to reduce the risk of stroke. These drugs, which aim to prevent the formation of dangerous blood clots, fall under two major categories:

• Antiplatelet agents -- These include aspirin and stronger prescription drugs like ticlopidine and clopidogrel. These drugs help keep tiny blood cells called "platelets" from clumping together in the bloodstream. When a blood vessel is damaged or injured, platelets will migrate to the area to begin a healing process. However, large numbers of platelets can clump together and form a clot that plugs up an artery. Antiplatelet agents help prevent this clumping.
• Anticoagulants -- These drugs also prevent clots, but are much stronger than antiplatelet agents. Common anticoagulants are warfarin and heparin (generally given at the hospital intravenously - that is through injection into a vein).

A stroke is a medical emergency, regardless of whether it is a major stroke or a short-lasting TIA.

A person suffering symptoms consistent with a stroke should be taken immediately to a hospital emergency department.

The ability to quickly pinpoint the type of stroke is critically important in treatment decisions. A stroke caused by a blocked artery is treated in an entirely different way than a stroke caused by bleeding within the brain.

The key to survival and recovery is prompt medical treatment.

Rehabilitation -- learning certain skills that you might have lost - is crucial following a stroke and can consist of one or more of the following:

• Physical therapy -- Teaches walking, sitting, and lying down, switching from one type of movement to another.
• Occupational therapy -- To relearn eating, drinking, swallowing, dressing, bathing, cooking, reading, writing, toileting.
• Speech therapy -- To relearn language and communication skills. Often, non-verbal alternatives are encouraged until speech returns.
• Psychological/psychiatric therapy -- To help relieve some mental and emotional stresses (such as depression) that often accompany a stroke. These feelings may be due to the location of the brain damage itself or may be a reaction to the stroke.

In addition, learning yoga may help you recover function after a stroke, even months later. If you have had a stroke and are considering yoga, first talk to your doctor. Then, find a qualified teacher in your area who has worked a lot with stroke victims; this is very important because there are certain yoga postures that you should NOT do if you have high blood pressure, narrowed carotid arteries (the main arteries in your neck supplying blood to the brain), or history of stroke. Check with your physical therapist for a referral.

If the stroke is caused by a blockage in an artery, medications called "thrombolytic drugs" can be used. The only drug in this class approved by the FDA for treatment of stroke is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Popularly referred to as "clot-busting", this medication has been used for years to treat heart attacks and only more recently has been used as part of the treatment of stroke.

Not all hospitals have the ability to give tPA to people having a stroke. Before this drug can be given, doctors must be certain that the stroke is the result of a blockage in the artery and not due to bleeding from an artery. This is determined through imaging procedures such as a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). But not all hospitals have around-the-clock imaging services. If the stroke is due to bleeding, this powerful blood thinner can worsen the hemorrhage.

If tPA cannot be used (for example, too much time has passed since the stroke symptoms began), another less potent blood thinner called heparin may be considered for use instead.

Once the acute phase of the stroke has resolved, other less potent blood thinners called antiplatelet agents (such as aspirin and ticlopidine) or anticoagulants (such as warfarin) may be used to prevent future strokes due to blood clots (See Step 7: Preventing Future Strokes).

If a stroke is caused by bleeding, medication (such as mannitol) can be given to reduce swelling of brain tissue.

Following the acute treatment of a stroke, while in recovery, medications to control risk factors for stroke like high blood pressure and high cholesterol will be started or adjusted if you are already taking. Daily aspirin is also recommended for those who have had a stroke or a TIA.

If the stroke or TIA is caused by a blockage, a procedure called "carotid endarterectomy" can be used to remove the buildup of plaque from inside the effected carotid artery, one of the major vessels supplying blood to the head and neck.

This surgical procedure is best for those who have had symptoms and have a blockage of 70% or more of one of their carotid arteries. If the narrowing of the vessel is less than 50%, medication (not surgery) is the most appropriate treatment to prevent future strokes.

Unfortunately, carotid endarterectomy may actually cause a stroke. Therefore, the risks and benefits of this procedure must be carefully weighed with your doctor.

If the stroke is caused by bleeding, an artery within the brain can sometimes be "clipped" to prevent further bleeding. Emergency surgery for a bleeding stroke may involve locating and surgically evacuating (removing) blood that has pooled in the brain tissue (called a hematoma). A brain specialist, called a neurosurgeon, will determine if this procedure is appropriate or not.

Interventional radiologists, if this specialized service is available at your hospital, may be trained to perform carotid angioplasty. This procedure begins with carotid angiography, as described earlier, to locate the blockage in this main artery supplying blood to the brain. Once located, a tiny balloon is threaded up to the blocked area and then inflated to break up the clot or plaque responsible for the narrowing in the vessel. The specialist may leave a wire mesh (stent) inside the vessel to keep it open. This procedure is quite risky, however, and may even cause a stroke.

If an aneurysm is present but has not bled, your doctor will discuss the possibility of removing it surgically. The decision is based primarily on the size of the aneurysm.

Potentially beneficial nutritional supplements include the following.

Alpha lipoic acid

Alpha-lipoic acid works together with other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. It is important for growth, helps to prevent cell damage, and helps the body rid itself of harmful substances. Because alpha-lipoic acid can pass easily into the brain, it has protective effects on brain and nerve tissue and shows promise as a treatment for stroke and other brain disorders involving free radical damage. Animals treated with alpha-lipoic acid, for example, suffered less brain damage and had a four times greater survival rate after a stroke than the animals who did not receive this supplement, especially when alpha-lipoic acid is combined with vitamin E. While animal studies are encouraging, more research is needed to understand whether this benefit applies to people as well.

Calcium

In a population based study (one in which large groups of people are followed over time), women who take in more calcium, both through the diet and with added supplements, were less likely to have a stroke over a 14 year time course. More research is needed to fully assess the strength of the connection between calcium and risk of stroke.

Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Betaine

Many studies indicate that patients with elevated levels of the amino acid homocysteine are as much as 2.5 times more likely to suffer from a stroke than those with normal levels. Homocysteine levels are strongly influenced by dietary factors, particularly vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and betaine. These substances help break down homocysteine in the body. Some studies have even shown that healthy individuals who consume higher amounts of folic acid and vitamin B6 are less likely to develop atherosclerosis than those who consume lower amounts of these substances. Despite these findings, the AHA reports that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that supplementation with betaine and B vitamins reduce the risk of atheroscerlosis or that taking these supplements prevents the development or recurrence of heart disease. The AHA does not currently recommend population-wide homocysteine screening, and suggests that folic acid, as well as vitamin B6, B12, and betaine requirements be met through diet alone. Individuals at high risk for developing atherosclerosis, however, should be screened for blood levels of homocysteine. If elevated levels are detected, a healthcare practitioner may recommend supplementation.

Magnesium

Population based information suggests that people with low magnesium in their diet may be at greater risk for stroke. Some preliminary scientific evidence suggests that magnesium sulfate may be helpful in the treatment of a stroke or transient ischemic attack. More research is needed to know for certain if use of this mineral following a stroke or TIA is helpful.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Strong evidence from population-based studies suggests that omega-3 fatty acid intake (primarily from fish), helps protect against stroke caused by plaque buildup and blood clots in the arteries that lead to the brain. In fact, eating at least two servings of fish per week can reduce the risk of stroke by as much as 50%. However, people who eat more than three grams of omega-3 fatty acids per day (equivalent to 3 servings of fish per day) may be at an increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke, a potentially fatal type of stroke in which an artery in the brain leaks or ruptures.

Potassium

Although low levels of potassium in the blood may be associated with stroke, taking potassium supplements does not seem to reduce the risk of having a stroke.

Vitamin C

Having low levels of vitamin C contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and other damage to blood vessels and the consequences such as stroke. Vitamin C supplements may also improve cognitive function if you have suffered from multiple strokes.

Vitamin E

Eating plenty of foods rich in vitamin E, along with other antioxidants like vitamin C, selenium, and carotenoids, reduces your risk for stroke. In addition, low levels of vitamin E in the blood may be associated with risk of dementia (memory impairment) following stroke. Animal studies also suggest that vitamin E supplements, possibly in combination with alpha-lipoic acid, may reduce the amount of brain damaged if taken prior to the actual stroke. Researchers suggest testing this theory in people who are at high risk for stroke. Thus far, however, some large and well-designed studies of people suggest that it is safest and best to obtain this antioxidant via food sources and that supplements do not bring about any added benefit.

Others

Additional supplements that require further research but may be useful as part of the treatment or prevention of stroke include:

• Coenzyme Q10 - works as an antioxidant and may reduce damage following a stroke.
• Selenium - low levels can worsen atherosclerosis and its consequences; however, it is not known at this point if taking selenium supplements will help.

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, contain active substances that can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care and only under the supervision of a practitioner knowledgeable in the field.

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)- A close relative of the cranberry, bilberry fruits contain flavonoid compounds called anthocyanidins. (Flavonoids are plant pigments that have excellent antioxidant properties. This means that they scavenge damaging particles in the body known as free radicals and have been shown to help prevent a number of long-term illnesses such as heart disease. Animal studies have found that anthocyanidins may strengthen blood vessels, improve circulation, and prevent the oxidation of LDL ("bad") cholesterol, a major risk factor for atherosclerosis (plaque in blood vessels) and other damage to blood vessels that leads to blockage and, therefore, heart attack and stroke. Research in people is needed.

Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis) - Animal studies suggest that dong quai may prevent accumulation of platelets in blood vessels. This, in turn, would prevent blood clot formation and possibly help protect your from heart attack and stroke. In addition, a series of reports published in China indicate that the use of dong quai just following a stroke demonstrated a decrease in the amount of brain damage. More research on dong quai for stroke treatment or prevention is needed.

Garlic (Allium sativum) - Studies suggest that fresh garlic and garlic supplements may prevent blood clots and destroy plaque. Blood clots and plaque block blood flow and contribute to the development of heart attack and stroke. Garlic may also be beneficial for reducing risk factors for heart disease and stroke like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. An animal study suggests that garlic may help lower homocysteine levels as well. Homocysteine, similar to cholesterol, may contribute to increasing amounts of blood clots and plaque in blood vessels. If you take aspirin or other blood thinners (like warfarin [Coumadin], ACE inhibitors (a class of blood pressure medications), sulfonylureas for diabetes, or statins for high cholesterol, talk to you r doctor before using garlic supplements.

Ginkgo biloba- May reduce the likelihood of dementia following multiple strokes (often called multi-infarct dementia). The protection from ginkgo may be related to the prevention of platelet adhesion which can help prevent blood clot formation. Ginkgo may also decrease the amount of brain damage following a stroke. While animal studies support these possible benefits of ginkgo, more research in people is needed. Also, ginkgo should not be used with the blood thinner warfarin (Coumadin) unless specifically instructed by your health care provider.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) - Asian ginseng may decrease endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cells line the inside of blood vessels. When these cells are disturbed, referred to as dysfunction, it may lead to a heart attack or stroke. The potential for ginseng to quiet down the blood vessels may prove to be protective against these conditions. Much more research is needed before this use can be recommended. In addition, ginseng should NOT be used if you have high blood pressure unless specifically instructed by a qualified practitioner. Ginseng may also thin your blood and, therefore, should NOT be used with the blood-thinning medication warfarin (Coumadin) unless being followed very closely by your doctor.

Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) - Used traditionally as a remedy for vascular diseases. Animal and laboratory studies demonstrate that this herb has antioxidant properties that help protect against the formation of plaques and may help control high cholesterol and high blood pressure.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) - Early studies suggest that turmeric may prove helpful in preventing heart attack or stroke in one of two ways. First, in animal studies an extract of turmeric lowered cholesterol levels and inhibited the oxidation of LDL ("bad") cholesterol. Oxidized LDL deposits in the walls of blood vessels and contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and other damage to the vessels. Turmeric may also prevent platelet build up along the walls of an injured blood vessel. Platelets collecting at the site of a damaged blood vessel cause blood clots to form and blockage of the artery as well. Studies of the use of turmeric to prevent or treat stroke in people would be interesting in terms of determining if these mechanisms discovered in animals apply to people at risk for this condition.

Although an experienced homeopath might prescribe a regimen for treating stroke that includes one of the remedies listed below, the scientific evidence to date does not confirm the value of homeopathy for this purpose.

• Acontitum napellus for numbness and/or paralysis after a cerebral accident
• Belladonna for stroke that leaves person very sensitive to any motion, with vertigo and trembling
• Kali bromatum for stroke resulting in restlessness, wringing of the hands or other repeated gestures, insomnia, and night terrors
• Nux vomica for cerebral accident with paresis (muscular weakness caused by disease of the nervous system), expressive aphasia (language disorder), convulsions, and great irritability

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of acupuncture during stroke rehabilitation. These studies have found that acupuncture reduces hospital stays and improves recovery speed. Acupuncture has been shown to help stroke patients regain motor and cognitive skills and to improve their ability to manage daily functioning. Based on the available data, the National Institutes of Health recommended acupuncture as an alternative or supplemental therapy for stroke rehabilitation. In general, the evidence indicates that acupuncture is most effective when initiated as soon as possible after a stroke occurs, but good results have been found for acupuncture started as late as six months following a stroke.

People who have suffered a stroke often have a deficiency of qi in the liver meridian and a relative excess in the gallbladder meridian. In addition to a primary needling treatment on the liver meridian and the supporting kidney meridians, moxibustion (a technique in which the herb mugwort is burned over specific acupuncture points) may be used to enhance therapy. Treatment may also include performing acupuncture on affected limbs. Certain scalp acupuncture techniques that have been developed by Chinese, Korean, and Japanese practitioners also show promise.

Chiropractors DO NOT treat stroke, and high velocity manipulation of the upper spine is considered inappropriate in individuals who are taking blood-thinning medications or other medications used to reduce the risk of stroke. It should also be noted that chiropractic spinal manipulation of the neck is associated with an exceedingly small risk of causing stroke (reports range from 1 per 400,000 to 1 per 2,000,000).

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are reports of over 100 substances that have been used to treat stroke. In fact, pharmacologic research of these substances is focused on understanding the ingredients and their mechanisms of action in order to develop new drugs.

Prognosis and Complications

There are many possible complications associated with stroke.

• Seizures
• Paralysis
• Cognitive (thinking) deficits
• Speech problems
• Emotional difficulties
• Daily living problems
• Pain

Many people begin to recover from a stroke almost immediately after it has occurred.

The recovery process is most rapid in the first three months after a stroke, but improvement will continue for six months or a year. Many stroke survivors even report that they slowly continue to regain function for years after their stroke. It is very important not to lose hope.

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